His father was a preacher. [39] While studying law, he continued teaching, moving closer to home by taking a job at a school in North Pownal, Vermont. [151] In just two years' time, an unrepentant Stalwart had become the president who ushered in long-awaited civil service reform. He died in 1883. Chester A. Arthur (b. October 5, 1829, in Fairfield, Vermont) was the 21st president of the United States. After the American Civil War, the U.S. Navy had faced serious challenges and by the 1880s was in disrepair. [44] In another civil rights case in 1854, Arthur was the lead attorney representing Elizabeth Jennings Graham after she was denied a seat on a streetcar because she was black. Displayed in the 1953 reconstruction of the boyhood home of Chester A. Arthur, the exhibit panels examine the life and career of the 21 st President of the United States, who was born in Vermont on October 5, 1829. [101] In September 1879 Arthur became Chairman of the New York State Republican Executive Committee, a post in which he served until October 1881. Some older sources list the date as October 5, 1830. [209], Arthur's post-presidency was the second-shortest of all presidents who lived past their presidencies, after that of James K. Polk who died just three months after leaving office. [151] Arthur signed the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act into law on January 16, 1883. But, with one assassin's bullet, Arthur instead became the president, any questions of losing power forgotten. [3], Suffering from poor health, Arthur made only a limited effort to secure the Republican Party's nomination in 1884, and he retired at the end of his term. Chester A. Arthur - Key Events March 4, 1881 Arthur Becomes Vice President Arthur takes office as vice president in the presidential administration of James Garfield. [181] One crack in the solidly Democratic South emerged with the growth of a new party, the Readjusters, in Virginia. The digital collections of the Library of Congress contain a wide variety of material associated with Chester A. Arthur, including the Chester Alan Arthur Papers. [126] Just before going into recess in May 1881, the situation became more complicated when Conkling and the other senator from New York, Thomas C. Platt, resigned in protest of Garfield's continuing opposition to their faction. He took on few assignments with the firm and was often too ill to leave his house. He also oversaw the establishment of the Naval War College and the Office of Naval Intelligence. He kept the condition a secret from the public; however, his poor health prevented him from actively seeking reelection in 1884. Arthur, a Republican, had been vice president for 199 days when he succeeded to the presidency. [87] Jay, with whom Arthur had collaborated in the Lemmon case two decades earlier, suggested that the Custom House was overstaffed with political appointments, and that 20% of the employees were expendable. [148] Failure to obtain a conviction tarnished the administration's image, but Arthur did succeed in putting a stop to the fraud. [20] He was a member of the Psi Upsilon fraternity,[38] and as a senior he was president of the debate society and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. In 1856, Arthur courted Ellen Herndon, the daughter of William Lewis Herndon, a Virginia naval officer. [97][i] Hayes again offered Arthur the position of consul general in Paris as a face-saving consolation; Arthur again declined, as Hayes knew he probably would. Of the nine accused, only two minor defendants are found guilty. It was said he had over eighty pairs of pants and often changed them several times a day. His dad was the minister in Waterville and was building . [162] Blaine, venturing a greater involvement in affairs south of the Rio Grande, proposed a Pan-American conference in 1882 to discuss trade and an end to the War of the Pacific being fought by Bolivia, Chile, and Peru. [73] Arthur's salary was initially $6,500, but senior customs employees were compensated additionally by the "moiety" system, which awarded them a percentage of the cargoes seized and fines levied on importers who attempted to evade the tariff. According to a purported eyewitness account by journalist William C. Hudson, Conkling and Arthur argued, with Arthur telling Conkling, "The office of the Vice-President is a greater honor than I ever dreamed of attaining. Chester A. Arthur 1881-1885 Dignified, tall, and handsome, with clean-shaven chin and side-whiskers, Chester A. Arthur looked like a president. The most important events of his administration were the passage of the Tariff Act of 1883 and of the "Edmunds Law" prohibiting polygamy in the territories, and the completion of three great transcontinental railways -- the Southern Pacific, the Northern Pacific, and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe. [144] Navy Secretary William H. Hunt was next to resign, in April 1882, and Arthur attempted a more balanced approach by appointing Half-Breed William E. Chandler to the post, on Blaine's recommendation. [207] Arthur was buried with his family members and ancestors in the Albany Rural Cemetery in Menands, New York. [49], In 1861, Arthur was appointed to the military staff of Governor Edwin D. Morgan as engineer-in-chief. William's mother was born Eliza McHarg and she married Alan Arthur. [100] Arthur immediately took advantage of the resulting free time to work for the election of Edward Cooper as New York City's next mayor. [60] In the presidential election of 1864, Arthur and Murphy raised funds from Republicans in New York, and they attended the second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln in 1865. [169][170] The Chinese Exclusion Act attempted to stop all Chinese immigration into the United States for ten years, with exceptions for diplomats, teachers, students, merchants, and travelers. [204] His health limited his activity with the firm, and Arthur served only of counsel. Following a funeral in Manhattan, the former president was buried beside his wife in the Arthur family plot in the Albany Rural Cemetery in Menands, New York. Why Did Zachary Taylor Oppose the Compromise of 1850? [107], Conkling and his fellow Stalwarts, including Arthur, wished to follow up their 1879 success at the 1880 Republican National Convention by securing the presidential nomination for their ally, ex-President Grant. Arthur's failing health and political temperament combined to make his administration less active than a modern presidency, yet he earned praise among contemporaries for his solid performance in office. Before he moved into the White House, Chester Arthur hired designer and stained-glass artist Louis Comfort Tiffany (1848-1933) to redecorate the state rooms. Arthur worked for one of the most prominent law firms in New York City. [116] As Republicans had done since the end of the Civil War, Garfield and Arthur initially focused their campaign on the "bloody shirt"the idea that returning Democrats to office would undo the victory of the Civil War and reward secessionists. [43] In Lemmon v. New York, Culver argued that, as New York law did not permit slavery, any slave arriving in New York was automatically freed. 1.The best biography of Chester Arthur remains Thomas C. Reeves, Gentleman Boss: The Life and Times of Chester Alan Arthur (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1975). President Ulysses S. Grant appointed him to the post of Collector of the Port of New York in 1871, and he was an important supporter of Conkling and the Stalwart faction of the Republican Party. While Arthur reveled in political party life, his family ultimately kept him morally grounded. [77][h] Among those who dealt with the Custom House, Arthur was one of the era's more popular collectors. Arthur was president from 1881-1885, and his presidency was mostly unremarkable, except for a few major events. [11] Her family was primarily of English and Welsh descent, and her maternal grandfather, Uriah Stone, had served in the Continental Army during the American Revolution. Chester A. Arthur 's tenure as the 21st president of the United States began on September 19, 1881, when he succeeded to the presidency upon the assassination of President James A. Garfield, and ended on March 4, 1885. Along with overseeing a major renovation of the White House, President Arthur saw three major events happen during his administration: These three accomplishments ensured Arthur that he would have something of a legacy. For his son, see. Let's look at each of these in a bit more detail. In 1855, he successfully represented Elizabeth Jennings Graham (1830-1901), a black woman who had been denied a seat on a Manhattan streetcar due to her race. [149] Both Democratic and Republican leaders realized that they could attract the votes of reformers by turning against the spoils system and, by 1882, a bipartisan effort began in favor of reform. In the federal presidential election, Grover Cleveland defeats James G. Blaine. [37], After graduating in 1848, Arthur returned to Schaghticoke and became a full-time teacher, and soon began to pursue an education in law. Additionally, the Pendleton Act allowed for the establishment of a bipartisan Civil Service Commission to enforce the law. The portion of the law denying citizenship to Chinese-American children born in the United States was later found unconstitutional in, Earlier in 1874, during the Grant administration, Congress approved funds to rebuild four. [218] The statue was dedicated in 1899 and unveiled by Arthur's sister, Mary Arthur McElroy. [136] On September 22, he re-took the oath of office, this time before Chief Justice Morrison R. Waite. During the process, more than 20 wagonloads of furnishings from previous presidential administrations were cleared out and auctioned off. [10] William Arthur also spent a brief time studying law, but while still in Waterville, he departed from both his legal studies and his Presbyterian upbringing to join the Free Will Baptists; he spent the rest of his life as a minister in that sect. Chester Arthur (1829-1886), the 21st U.S. president, took office after the death of President James Garfield (1831-1881). In 1871, President Ulysses Grant (1822-1885), a Republican, named Arthur the customs collector for the Port of New York. [108] Neither candidate commanded a majority of delegates and, deadlocked after thirty-six ballots, the convention turned to a dark horse, James A. Garfield, an Ohio Congressman and Civil War general who was neither Stalwart nor Half-Breed. Windup Teacher. [143] Conkling expected Arthur to appoint him in Blaine's place, but the President chose Frederick T. Frelinghuysen of New Jersey, a Stalwart recommended by ex-President Grant. [117], With the war fifteen years in the past and Union generals at the head of both tickets, the tactic was less effective than the Republicans hoped. [187] In 1882, he signed the Edmunds Act into law; the legislation made polygamy a federal crime, barring polygamists both from public office and the right to vote. Chester Alan Arthur, one of the few men to serve his entire presidency without ever being elected to office (John Tyler, Millard Fillmore, Andrew Johnson, and Gerald Ford were the others), died on this day in 1886. Arthur issues a proclamation warning people not to settle on Oklahoma lands. [45] The two were soon engaged to be married. A sharp dressed man Arthur was sometimes called "elegant Arthur" for his interest in fashionable attire and on his last day in office, four young women offered to marry him. [119] Candidates for high office did not personally campaign in those days, but as state Republican chairman, Arthur played a part in the campaign in his usual fashion: overseeing the effort in New York and raising money. His father, William Ford (1826-1905), was born in County Cork, Ireland, to a family that had emigrated from Somerset, England in the 16th century. Later that day he took a train to Long Branch to pay his respects to Garfield and to leave a card of sympathy for his wife, afterwards returning to New York City. "[222], Arthur's townhouse, the Chester A. Arthur Home, was sold to William Randolph Hearst. [139] His son, Chester Jr., was then a freshman at Princeton University and his daughter, Nell, stayed in New York with a governess until 1882; when she arrived, Arthur shielded her from the intrusive press as much as he could. Nicknamed the Gentleman Boss and Elegant Arthur, he reportedly owned 80 pairs of pants. By 1886 Arthur's health had further deteriorated, and he died of a stroke on the 18 November 1886 at the age of fifty-seven.. Legacy . [85] Hayes's opponent, New York Governor Samuel J. Tilden, carried New York and won the popular vote nationwide, but after the resolution of several months of disputes over twenty electoral votes (from Florida, Louisiana, Oregon, and South Carolina), Hayes was declared the winner. [144] Finally, when Interior Secretary Samuel J. Kirkwood resigned that same month, Arthur appointed Henry M. Teller, a Colorado Stalwart to the office. The act establishes the Republicans as the party in favor of higher protective tariffs. [72] The Collector was responsible for hiring hundreds of workers to collect the tariffs due at the United States' busiest port. Chester Alan Arthur (October 5, 1829 - November 18, 1886) was a politician of the United States who served as the twenty-first President. 8 chapters | [118] This argument struck home in the swing states of New York and Indiana, where many were employed in manufacturing. Mary Ruth teaches college history and has a PhD. In 1859, Arthur married Ellen Nell Lewis Herndon (1837-1880), the Virginia-born daughter of a U.S. naval officer. [13] Malvina Stone met William Arthur when Arthur was teaching school in Dunham, Quebec, near the Vermont border. Put simply, he performed well in office, defying his state-based reputation as a slick machine politician. [196] In the months leading up to the 1884 Republican National Convention, however, Arthur began to realize that neither faction of the Republican party was prepared to give him their full support: the Half-Breeds were again solidly behind Blaine, while Stalwarts were undecided; some backed Arthur, with others considering Senator John A. Logan of Illinois. It was striking to us that it seemed like common knowledge to all that Chester A. Arthur was born in Waterville and the historical storyline was compelling. Early in the summer of 1857, Chester Arthur, a young lawyer from New York City, accompanied by his partner, Henry D. Gardiner, came to Kansas to settle and grow up with the country. He was once the president of the New York Arcade Railway Company. [166] He also signed in August of that year the Immigration Act of 1882, which levied a 50-cent tax on immigrants to the United States, and excluded from entry the mentally ill, the intellectually disabled, criminals, or any other person potentially dependent upon public assistance. Arthur was born in Vermont in 1829 and was the son of a Baptist preacher. [143] Frelinghuysen advised Arthur not to fill any future vacancies with Stalwarts, but when Postmaster General James resigned in January 1882, Arthur selected Timothy O. Howe, a Wisconsin Stalwart. [219] By 1935, historian George F. Howe said that Arthur had achieved "an obscurity in strange contrast to his significant part in American history. "[4] Chester A. Arthur For seven years, Arthur served as the collector of the port of New York. James Garfield (1831-81) was sworn in as the 20th U.S. president in March 1881 and died in September of that same year from an assassins bullet, making his tenure in office the second-shortest in U.S. presidential history, after William Henry Harrison (1773-1841). [157], Congress attempted to balance the budget from the other side of the ledger, with increased spending on the 1882 Rivers and Harbors Act in the unprecedented amount of $19 million. [155] Opinions varied on how to balance the budget; the Democrats wished to lower tariffs, in order to reduce revenues and the cost of imported goods, while Republicans believed that high tariffs ensured high wages in manufacturing and mining. The United States and Luxembourg conclude an extradition treaty in New York. Arthur was a member of the Republican Party and worked as a lawyer before becoming the twentieth vice president under James Garfield. [52] He also turned down command of four New York City regiments organized as the Metropolitan Brigade, again at Morgan's request. His son Washington took over, supervising the construction project that took thirteen years and more than $15 million to complete (three times as long and twice as expensive as had been anticipated). He will be convicted on January 25, 1882, and executed on June 30, 1882. His mother, Malvina Stone Arthur, was born in New Hampshire. [153] The commission issued its first rules in May 1883; by 1884, half of all postal officials and three-quarters of the Customs Service jobs were to be awarded by merit. It's evident that Arthur took both events hard, even though in his political activities he'd rarely been home, and in fact his wife almost left him. It was widely evaded. [146] An 1882 trial of the ringleaders resulted in convictions for two minor conspirators and a hung jury for the rest. [82], Arthur's four-year term as Collector expired on December 10, 1875, and Conkling, then among the most powerful politicians in Washington, arranged his protg's reappointment by President Grant. William Arthur retired in 1898 with the brevet rank of, William Lewis Arthur (December 10, 1860 July 7, 1863), died of ", Ellen Hansbrough Herndon "Nell" Arthur Pinkerton (November 21, 1871 September 6, 1915), married Charles Pinkerton, This page was last edited on 14 January 2023, at 21:30. [156] In May of that year, Representative William D. Kelley of Pennsylvania introduced a bill to establish a tariff commission;[156] the bill passed and Arthur signed it into law but appointed mostly protectionists to the committee. Chester A. Arthur's four-year presidency is often overlooked by historians. Diseases And Disabilities. Arthur was the second vice president to become chief executive due to an assassination. [193] Later that year, on the advice of Missouri Senator George Graham Vest, he visited Yellowstone National Park. The foreman of the jury charges that a government agent attempted to bribe him, and the judge orders a retrial, to begin on December 7, 1882. [205][q] The next morning, Arthur suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and never regained consciousness. Nine men are indicted for defrauding the government in a postal scam, an episode that becomes known as the Star-Route Scandal; the trial begins on June 1. 10. This law created a 10-year ban on all Chinese immigration to the United States and prohibited Chinese immigrants already in the country from becoming U.S. citizens. [74] Grant offered the position to John Augustus Griswold and William Orton, each of whom declined and recommended Arthur. Chester Alan Arthur was born in the village of Fairfield, Vermont, on October 5, 1829. He was elected as James Garfield's vice president in the presidential election of 1880, but when Garfield was assassinated, Arthur was left with no choice but to take his spot in the Oval Office. [55], Arthur returned to practicing law, and with the help of additional contacts made in the military, he and the firm of Arthur & Gardiner flourished. The Presidency of Chester Arthur spanned the period in United States history that encompasses the events of the Maturation Era or the Gilded Age. [181] Since the end of Reconstruction, conservative white Democrats (or "Bourbon Democrats") had regained power in the South, and the Republican party dwindled rapidly as their primary supporters in the region, blacks, were disenfranchised. As a young boy, he attended schools in Perry and Greenwich, New York, before enrolling at the Union College in 1845. [127], With the Senate in recess, Arthur had no duties in Washington and returned to New York City. Copyright 2022. [200] Blatchford served on the Court until his death in 1893. Four months into his term, Garfield was shot by an assassin; he died 11 weeks later, and Arthur assumed the presidency. [134] Before leaving New York, he ensured the presidential line of succession by preparing and mailing to the White House a proclamation calling for a Senate special session. In 1904, Taft took on the role of secretary of war in the administration read more, New York City real estate developer and reality TV star Donald Trump (1946- ) served as Americas 45th president from January 2017-January 2021. Chester Alan Arthur was born on October 5, 1829 in Fairfield, Vermont. [187] Garfield had believed polygamy was criminal behavior and was morally detrimental to family values, and Arthur's views were, for once, in line with his predecessor's. 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